![]() ![]() The results suggest that brain PIC stimulate neuro-excitatory systems, including the brain renin-angiotensin system, that contribute to sympathetic drive in heart failure. Plasma norepinephine was lower (234.2☙.3∗ vs 266.8☑1.7 pg/ml) in PTX-treated than untreated rats, but plasma PIC levels were unaffected. Immunohistochemistry revealed less microglial activation and reduced angiotensin type-1 receptors, angiotensin converting enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 and superoxide in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus in PTX-treated than untreated rats. TNF-α in hypothalamus (4.3☐.4∗ vs 7.1☐.5 pg/mg protein) and brainstem (3.4☐.4∗ vs 6.6☐.5 pg/mg protein), and IL-1β in hypothalamus (33.2☓.9∗ vs 50.2±4.6 pg/mg protein) were lower (by ELISA) in PTX-treated than untreated rats. PTX-treated rats had lower lung/body weight (BW) ratio than untreated rats, but right ventricle/BW ratio and LV function were unaffected. ![]() LV end-diastolic pressure was lower (∗P<0.05) in PTX treated than untreated rats (9.6☑.5∗ vs 20.6☑.7 mmHg), but heart rate, arterial pressure and pulse pressure were unaffected. At week 4, they underwent anesthesia for hemodynamic measurement and collection of plasma and tissue samples. They received either the cytokine synthesis inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX, 10 μg/hr, ICV) beginning the day after CL or no treatment. Rats underwent coronary ligation (CL) to induce HF, with left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction by echocardiography 35.9±4.1% (normal:≈80%). TheBrain Pro offers unlimited file management, advanced search, secure cloud backup, and much more. An open question is whether brain PIC contribute to augmented sympathetic drive in HF. With TheBrain youre never more than a few. The pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC) are increased in plasma, heart and brain in rats with ischemia-induced heart failure (HF). With TheBrain, your digital Brain captures all that intelligence for playback just when you need it. ![]()
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